SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">

<li><a href="Article_(publishing)" title="Article (publishing)">Article</a> (<a href="Headline" title="Headline">Headline</a> · <a href="Byline" title="Byline">Byline</a> · <a href="Dateline" title="Dateline">Dateline</a> · <a href="Report" title="Report">Report</a> · <a href="Column_(periodical)" title="Column (periodical)">Column</a> · <a href="Opinion_piece" title="Opinion piece">Opinion piece</a> · <a href="Editorial" title="Editorial">Editorial</a> · <a href="Op-ed" title="Op-ed">Op-ed</a>)</li>

<li><a href="News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a> · <a href="Inverted_pyramid_(journalism)" title="Inverted pyramid (journalism)">Inverted pyramid</a> · <a href="Journalese" title="Journalese">Journalese</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics and standards</a> (<a href="Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li>

<li><a href="News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li>

<li><a href="Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Sources</a></li>

<li><a href="Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li>

<li><a href="Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">Index of journalism articles</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;">

<a href="Beat_reporting" title="Beat reporting">Beats</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">

<li><a href="Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li>

<li><a href="Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_news" title="Local news">Local</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li>

<li><a href="Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li>

<li><a href="World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;">

Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">

<ul><li><a href="Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li>

<li><a href="Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li>

<li><a href="Breaking_news" title="Breaking news">Breaking news</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li>

<li><a href="Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li>

<li><a href="Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li>

<li><a href="Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li>

<li><a href="Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_journalism" title="Enterprise journalism">Enterprise</a></li>

<li><a href="Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li>

<li><a href="Feature_story" title="Feature story">Feature story</a></li>

<li><a href="Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li>

<li><a href="Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li>

<li><a href="Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li>

<li><a href="Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a>/<a href="Soft_media" title="Soft media">Soft media</a></li>

<li><a href="Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li>

<li><a href="Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li>

<li><a href="Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li>

<li><a href="Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li>

<li><a href="Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li>

<li><a href="Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime</a></li>

<li><a href="Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_service_journalism" title="Public service journalism">Public service</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a>/<a href="Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow</a></li>

<li><a href="Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li>

<li><a href="Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;">

Social impact</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">

<li><a href="Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li>

<li><a href="Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li>

<li><a href="News_desert" title="News desert">News desert</a></li>

<li><a href="News_embargo" title="News embargo">News embargo</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;">

<a href="News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">

<ul><li><a href="Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a> · <a href="Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Online</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li>

<li><a href="News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary film</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li>

<li><a href="Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;">

Roles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">

<ul><li><a href="Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Safety_of_journalists" title="Safety of journalists">Safety</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Correspondent" title="Correspondent">Correspondent</a></li>

<li><a href="Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li>

<li><a href="Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li>

<li><a href="Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li>

<li><a href="Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li>

<li><a href="News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li>

<li><a href="Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li>

<li><a href="Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AJournalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></li>

<li>Category: Journalism</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="sidebar-caption">An <a href="Opte_Project" title="Opte Project">Opte Project</a> visualization of <a href="Routing" title="Routing">routing paths</a> through a portion of the Internet</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Internet_access" title="Internet access">Access</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Activism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_activism" title="Data activism">Data activism</a></li>

<li><a href="E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Freedom</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Internet_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Internet phenomena</a></li>

<li><a href="Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">Net neutrality</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Privacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li>

<li><a href="Slacktivism" title="Slacktivism">Slacktivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociology</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Internet_usage" title="Global Internet usage">Usage</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_vigilantism" title="Internet vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_volunteering" title="Virtual volunteering">Virtual volunteering</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<li><a href="ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Information_infrastructure" title="Information infrastructure">Information infrastructure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange point</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a>

<ul><li><a href="Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a></li>

<li><a href="IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Services</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Email" title="Email">Email</a></li>

<li><a href="File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="File_transfer" title="File transfer">File transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_game" title="Online game">Games</a></li>

<li><a href="Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcasts</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Shopping</a></li>

<li><a href="Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Television</a></li>

<li><a href="Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>

<ul><li><a href="Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">search</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_the_oldest_currently_registered_Internet_domain_names" title="List of the oldest currently registered Internet domain names">Oldest domain names</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Pioneers</a></li>

<li><a href="Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Guides</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <a href="Index_of_Internet-related_articles" title="Index of Internet-related articles">Index</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Outline_of_the_Internet" title="Outline of the Internet">Outline</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">

<span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AInternet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

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<ul><li><a href="Virtual_private_server" title="Virtual private server">Virtual private server</a></li>

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<ul><li> (<a href="Blog_comment_hosting_service" title="Blog comment hosting service">comments</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Guild_hosting_service" title="Guild hosting service">Guild hosting service</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_hosting_service" title="Image hosting service">Image</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">Video</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiki_hosting_service" title="Wiki hosting service">Wiki farms</a></li>

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<li><a href="Image_hosting_service" title="Image hosting service">Image</a></li>

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Other types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Remote_backup_service" title="Remote backup service">Remote backup</a></li>

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<p>A <b>blog</b> (a <a href="Clipping_(morphology)" title="Clipping (morphology)">truncation</a> of "<b>weblog</b>")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an informational website consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries also known as posts. Posts are typically displayed in <a href="Reverse_chronology" title="Reverse chronology">reverse chronological order</a> so that the most recent post appears first, at the top of the <a href="Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a>. In the 2000s, blogs were often the work of a single individual, occasionally of a small group, and often covered a single subject or topic. In the 2010s, multi-author blogs (MABs) emerged, featuring the writing of multiple authors and sometimes professionally edited. MABs from newspapers, other <a href="News_media" title="News media">media outlets</a>, universities, <a href="Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a>, <a href="Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy groups</a>, and similar institutions account for an increasing quantity of blog <a href="Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">traffic</a>. The rise of Twitter and other "<a href="Microblogging" title="Microblogging">microblogging</a>" systems helps integrate MABs and single-author blogs into the news media. <i>Blog</i> can also be used as a verb, meaning <i>to maintain or add content to a blog</i>.

</p><p>The emergence and growth of blogs in the late 1990s coincided with the advent of web publishing tools that facilitated the posting of content by non-technical users who did not have much experience with <a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> or <a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a>. Previously, knowledge of such technologies as HTML and <a href="File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a> had been required to publish content on the Web, and early Web users therefore tended to be hackers and computer enthusiasts. As of the 2010s, the majority are interactive <a href="Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> websites, allowing visitors to leave online comments, and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that sense, blogging can be seen as a form of <a href="Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking service</a>. Indeed, bloggers not only produce content to post on their blogs but also often build social relations with their readers and other bloggers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blog owners or authors often <a href="Internet_forum#Moderators" title="Internet forum">moderate</a> and <a href="Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">filter</a> online comments to remove <a href="Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> or other offensive content. There are also high-readership blogs which do not allow comments.

</p><p>Many blogs provide commentary on a particular subject or topic, ranging from philosophy, religion, and arts to science, politics, and sports. Others function as more personal <a href="Online_diary" title="Online diary">online diaries</a> or <a href="Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">online brand advertising</a> of a particular individual or company. A typical blog combines text, <a href="Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a>, and <a href="Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">links</a> to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (<i><a href="Art_blog" title="Art blog">art blogs</a></i>), photographs (<i><a href="Photoblog" title="Photoblog">photoblogs</a></i>), videos (<i><a href="Video_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Video blog">video blogs</a></i> or <i>vlogs</i>), music (<i><a href="MP3_blog" title="MP3 blog">MP3 blogs</a></i>), and audio (<i><a href="Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasts</a></i>). In education, blogs can be used as instructional resources; these are referred to as <i><a href="Edublog" title="Edublog">edublogs</a></i>. <a href="Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a> is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts.

</p><p><i>Blog</i> and <i>blogging</i> are now loosely used for content creation and sharing on social media, especially when the content is long-form and one creates and shares content on a regular basis, so one could be maintaining a blog on Facebook or blogging on <a href="Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>. A 2022 estimate suggested that there were over 600 million public blogs out of more than 1.9 billion websites.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="History_of_blogging" title="History of blogging">History of blogging</a> and <a href="Online_diary" title="Online diary">online diary</a></div>

<p>The term "weblog" was coined by <a href="Jorn_Barger" title="Jorn Barger">Jorn Barger</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on December 17, 1997. The short form "blog" was coined by Peter Merholz, who jokingly broke the word <i>weblog</i> into the phrase <i>we blog</i> in the sidebar of his blog Peterme.com in May 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, <a href="Evan_Williams_(Internet_entrepreneur)" title="Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)">Evan Williams</a> at <a href="Pyra_Labs" title="Pyra Labs">Pyra Labs</a> used "blog" as both a noun and verb ("to blog", meaning "to edit one's weblog or to post to one's weblog") and devised the term "blogger" in connection with Pyra Labs' <a href="Blogger_(service)" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a> product, leading to the popularization of the terms.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div>

<p>Before blogging became popular, digital communities took many forms, including <a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>, commercial online services such as <a href="GEnie" title="GEnie">GEnie</a>, <a href="Byte_Information_Exchange" title="Byte Information Exchange">Byte Information Exchange</a> (BIX) and the early <a href="CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a>, <a href="Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">e-mail lists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board systems</a> (BBS). In the 1990s, <a href="Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forum</a> software created running conversations with "threads". Threads are topical connections between messages on a virtual "<a href="Bulletin_board" title="Bulletin board">corkboard</a>".

</p><p>Berners-Lee also created what is considered by <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a> to be "the first 'blog<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" in 1992 to discuss the progress made on creating the World Wide Web and software used for it.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>From June 14, 1993, Mosaic Communications Corporation maintained their "What's New"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> list of new websites, updated daily and archived monthly. The page was accessible by a special "What's New" button in the Mosaic web browser.

</p><p>In November 1993 Ranjit Bhatnagar started writing about interesting sites, pages and discussion groups he found on the internet, as well as some personal information, on his website Moonmilk, arranging them chronologically in a special section called Ranjit's HTTP Playground.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early pioneers of blogging, such as <a href="Justin_Hall" title="Justin Hall">Justin Hall</a>, credit him with being an inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The earliest instance of a commercial blog was on the first <a href="Business_to_consumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Business to consumer">business to consumer</a> Web site created in 1995 by <a href="Ty_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ty Inc">Ty, Inc.</a>, which featured a blog in a section called "Online Diary". The entries were maintained by featured <a href="Beanie_Babies" title="Beanie Babies">Beanie Babies</a> that were voted for monthly by Web site visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-BeanieBabies_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeanieBabies-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The modern blog evolved from the <a href="Online_diary" title="Online diary">online diary</a> where people would keep a running account of the events in their personal lives. Most such writers called themselves diarists, journalists, or journalers. <a href="Justin_Hall" title="Justin Hall">Justin Hall</a>, who began personal blogging in 1994 while a student at <a href="Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a>, is generally recognized as one of the earlier bloggers,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is <a href="Jerry_Pournelle" title="Jerry Pournelle">Jerry Pournelle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Dave_Winer" title="Dave Winer">Dave Winer</a>'s Scripting News is also credited with being one of the older and longer running weblogs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian Netguide magazine maintained the Daily Net News<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on their web site from 1996. Daily Net News ran links and daily reviews of new websites, mostly in Australia.

</p><p>Another early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, digital video, and digital pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and <a href="EyeTap" title="EyeTap">EyeTap</a> device to a web site in 1994. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as <a href="Sousveillance" title="Sousveillance">sousveillance</a>, and such journals were also used as evidence in legal matters. Some early bloggers, such as The Misanthropic Bitch, who began in 1997, referred to their online presence as a <a href="Zine" title="Zine">zine</a>, before the term blog entered common usage.

</p><p>The first research paper about blogging was Torill Mortensen and <a href="Jill_Walker_Rettberg" title="Jill Walker Rettberg">Jill Walker Rettberg</a>'s paper "Blogging Thoughts",<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which analysed how blogs were being used to foster research communities and the exchange of ideas and scholarship, and how this new means of networking overturns traditional power structures.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3></div>

<p>Early blogs were simply manually updated components of common Websites. In 1995, the "Online Diary" on the <a href="Ty%2C_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Ty, Inc.">Ty, Inc.</a> Web site was produced and updated manually before any blogging programs were available. Posts were made to appear in reverse chronological order by manually updating text-based <a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> code using <a href="FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a> software in real time several times a day. To users, this offered the appearance of a live diary that contained multiple new entries per day. At the beginning of each new day, new diary entries were manually coded into a new HTML file, and at the start of each month, diary entries were archived into their own folder, which contained a separate HTML page for every day of the month. Then, menus that contained links to the most recent diary entry were updated manually throughout the site. This text-based method of organizing thousands of files served as a springboard to define future blogging styles that were captured by blogging software developed years later.<sup id="cite_ref-BeanieBabies_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeanieBabies-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The evolution of electronic and software tools to facilitate the production and maintenance of Web articles posted in reverse chronological order made the publishing process feasible for a much larger and less technically inclined population. Ultimately, this resulted in the distinct class of online publishing that produces blogs we recognize today. For instance, the use of some sort of browser-based software is now a typical aspect of "blogging". Blogs can be hosted by dedicated <a href="Blog_hosting_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Blog hosting service">blog hosting services</a>, on regular <a href="Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web hosting services</a>, or run using blog software.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_in_popularity">Rise in popularity</h3></div>

<p>After a slow start, blogging rapidly gained in popularity. Blog usage spread during 1999 and the years following, being further popularized by the near-simultaneous arrival of the first hosted blog tools:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Bruce_Ableson" title="Bruce Ableson">Bruce Ableson</a> launched <a href="Open_Diary" title="Open Diary">Open Diary</a> in October 1998, which soon grew to thousands of online diaries. Open Diary innovated the reader comment, becoming the first blog community where readers could add comments to other writers' blog entries.</li>

<li><a href="Brad_Fitzpatrick" title="Brad Fitzpatrick">Brad Fitzpatrick</a> started <a href="LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</a> in March 1999.</li>

<li>Andrew Smales created Pitas.com in July 1999 as an easier alternative to maintaining a "news page" on a Web site, followed by DiaryLand in September 1999, focusing more on a personal diary community.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Blogger_(service)" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a> (blogspot.com) was launched in 1999<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_impact">Political impact</h3></div>

<p>An early milestone in the rise in importance of blogs came in 2002, when many bloggers focused on comments by <a href="United_States_Senate_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Majority Leader">U.S. Senate Majority Leader</a> <a href="Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-massing_essay_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-massing_essay-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator Lott, at a party honoring <a href="United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>, praised Senator Thurmond by suggesting that the United States would have been better off had Thurmond been elected president. Lott's critics saw these comments as tacit approval of <a href="Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>, a policy advocated by Thurmond's <a href="1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 presidential campaign</a>. This view was reinforced by documents and recorded interviews dug up by bloggers. (See <a href="Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Josh Marshall</a>'s <i><a href="Talking_Points_Memo" title="Talking Points Memo">Talking Points Memo</a></i>.) Though Lott's comments were made at a public event attended by the media, no major media organizations reported on his controversial comments until after blogs broke the story. Blogging helped to create a political crisis that forced Lott to step down as majority leader.

</p><p>Similarly, blogs were among the driving forces behind the "<a href="Rathergate" class="mw-redirect" title="Rathergate">Rathergate</a>" scandal. Television journalist <a href="Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Dan Rather</a> presented documents on the CBS show <i><a href="60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i> that conflicted with accepted accounts of President Bush's military service record. Bloggers declared the documents to be <a href="Forgery" title="Forgery">forgeries</a> and presented evidence and arguments in support of that view. Consequently, CBS apologized for what it said were inadequate reporting techniques (see: <a href="Little_Green_Footballs" title="Little Green Footballs">Little Green Footballs</a>). The impact of these stories gave greater credibility to blogs as a medium of news dissemination.

</p><p>In Russia, some political bloggers have started to challenge the dominance of official, overwhelmingly pro-government media. Bloggers such as <a href="Rustem_Adagamov" title="Rustem Adagamov">Rustem Adagamov</a> and <a href="Alexei_Navalny" title="Alexei Navalny">Alexei Navalny</a> have many followers, and the latter's nickname for the ruling <a href="United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a> party as the "party of crooks and thieves" has been adopted by anti-regime protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to <i><a href="The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> calling Navalny "the man <a href="Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> fears most" in March 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainstream_popularity">Mainstream popularity</h3></div>

<p>By 2004, the role of blogs became increasingly mainstream, as <a href="Political_consultant" class="mw-redirect" title="Political consultant">political consultants</a>, news services, and candidates began using them as tools for outreach and opinion forming. Blogging was established by politicians and political candidates to express opinions on war and other issues and cemented blogs' role as a news source. (See <a href="Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a> and <a href="Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">Wesley Clark</a>.) Even politicians not actively campaigning, such as the <a href="Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">UK's Labour Party's</a> <a href="Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) <a href="Tom_Watson_(Labour_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Watson (Labour politician)">Tom Watson</a>, began to blog to bond with constituents. In January 2005, <i><a href="Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i> magazine listed eight bloggers whom business people "could not ignore": <a href="Engadget" title="Engadget">Peter Rojas</a>, <a href="Xeni_Jardin" title="Xeni Jardin">Xeni Jardin</a>, <a href="Benjamin_Trott" title="Benjamin Trott">Ben Trott</a>, <a href="Mena_Trott" class="mw-redirect" title="Mena Trott">Mena Trott</a>, <a href="Jonathan_I._Schwartz" title="Jonathan I. Schwartz">Jonathan Schwartz</a>, Jason Goldman, <a href="Robert_Scoble" title="Robert Scoble">Robert Scoble</a>, and <a href="Jason_Calacanis" title="Jason Calacanis">Jason Calacanis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Israel was among the first national governments to set up an official blog.<sup id="cite_ref-Ynet_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ynet-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="David_Saranga" title="David Saranga">David Saranga</a>, the <a href="Israeli_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> became active in adopting <a href="Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> initiatives, including an official <a href="Video_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Video blog">video blog</a> and a <a href="Political_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Political blog">political blog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ynet_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ynet-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Foreign Ministry also held a <a href="Microblogging" title="Microblogging">microblogging</a> press conference via Twitter about its <a href="2008%E2%80%932009_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict">war with Hamas</a>, with Saranga answering questions from the public in common text-messaging abbreviations during a live worldwide press conference.<sup id="cite_ref-JP_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The questions and answers were later posted on <a href="IsraelPolitik" title="IsraelPolitik">IsraelPolitik</a>, the country's official political blog.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTs_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTs-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The impact of blogging on the mainstream media has also been acknowledged by governments. In 2009, the presence of the American journalism industry had declined to the point that several newspaper corporations were filing for bankruptcy, resulting in less direct competition between newspapers within the same circulation area. Discussion emerged as to whether the newspaper industry would benefit from a stimulus package by the federal government. U.S. President <a href="Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> acknowledged the emerging influence of blogging upon society by saying, "if the direction of the news is all blogosphere, all opinions, with no serious fact-checking, no serious attempts to put stories in context, then what you will end up getting is people shouting at each other across the void, but not a lot of mutual understanding".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2009 and 2012, an <a href="Orwell_Prize" title="Orwell Prize">Orwell Prize</a> for blogging was awarded.

</p><p>In the late 2000s, blogs were often used on business websites and for <a href="Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> political activism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<p>There are many different types of blogs, differing not only in the type of content, but also in the way that content is delivered or written.

</p>

<dl><dt>Personal blogs</dt>

<dd>The personal blog is an ongoing online diary or commentary written by an individual, rather than a corporation or organization. While the vast majority of personal blogs attract very few readers, other than the blogger's immediate family and friends, a small number of personal blogs have become popular, to the point that they have attracted lucrative advertising sponsorship. A few personal bloggers have gained significant recognition beyond their immediate circles.</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Collaborative blogs or group blogs</dt>

<dd>A type of weblog in which posts are written and published by more than one author. The majority of high-profile collaborative blogs are organised according to a single uniting theme, such as politics, technology or advocacy. In recent years, the <a href="Blogosphere" title="Blogosphere">blogosphere</a> has seen the emergence and growing popularity of more collaborative efforts, often set up by already established bloggers wishing to pool time and resources, both to reduce the pressure of maintaining a popular website and to attract a larger readership.</dd></dl>

<dl><dt><a href="Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></dt>

<dd>Microblogging is the practice of posting small pieces of digital content—which could be text, pictures, links, short videos, or other media—on the internet. Microblogging offers a portable communication mode that feels organic and spontaneous to many users. It has captured the public imagination, in part because the short posts are easy to read on the go or when waiting. Friends use it to keep in touch, business associates use it to coordinate meetings or share useful resources, and celebrities and politicians (or their publicists) microblog about concert dates, lectures, book releases, or tour schedules. A wide and growing range of add-on tools enables sophisticated updates and interaction with other applications. The resulting profusion of functionality is helping to define new possibilities for this type of communication.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of these include Twitter, Facebook, <a href="Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a> and, by far the largest, <a href="Sina_Weibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Weibo">Weibo</a>.</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Corporate and organizational blogs</dt>

<dd>A blog can be private, as in most cases, or it can be for business or <a href="Not-for-profit_organization" title="Not-for-profit organization">not-for-profit organization</a> or government purposes. Blogs used internally and only available to employees via an <a href="Intranet" title="Intranet">Intranet</a> are called <a href="Corporate_blog" title="Corporate blog">corporate blogs</a>. Companies use internal corporate blogs to enhance the communication, culture and <a href="Employee_engagement" title="Employee engagement">employee engagement</a> in a corporation. Internal corporate blogs can be used to communicate news about company policies or procedures, build employee <a href="Esprit_de_corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Esprit de corps">esprit de corps</a> and improve <a href="Morale" title="Morale">morale</a>. Companies and other organizations also use external, publicly accessible blogs for marketing, branding, or <a href="Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> purposes. Some organizations have a blog authored by their executive; in practice, many of these executive blog posts are penned by a <a href="Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriter</a> who makes posts in the style of the credited author. Similar blogs for clubs and societies are called club blogs, group blogs, or by similar names; typical use is to inform members and other interested parties of club and member activities.</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Aggregated blogs</dt>

<dd>Individuals or organization may aggregate selected feeds on a specific topic, product or service and provide a combined view for its readers. This allows readers to concentrate on reading instead of searching for quality on-topic content and managing subscriptions. Many such aggregations called planets from name of <a href="Planet_(software)" title="Planet (software)">Planet (software)</a> that perform such aggregation, hosting sites usually have <i>planet.</i> <a href="Subdomain" title="Subdomain">subdomain</a> in <a href="Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> (like <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://planet.gnome.org/">http://planet.gnome.org/</a>).</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>By genre</dt>

<dd>Some blogs focus on a particular subject, such as <a href="Political_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Political blog">political blogs</a>, journalism blogs, <a href="Health_blog" title="Health blog">health blogs</a>, <a href="Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travel blogs</a> (also known as <i>travelogs</i>), gardening blogs, house blogs, <a href="Book_Blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Blog">Book Blogs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Fashion_blog" title="Fashion blog">fashion blogs</a>, beauty blogs, lifestyle blogs, party blogs, wedding blogs, photography blogs, project blogs, psychology blogs, sociology blogs, <a href="Edublog" title="Edublog">education blogs</a>, <a href="Niche_blogging" title="Niche blogging">niche blogs</a>, <a href="Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">classical music blogs</a>, quizzing blogs, <a href="Legal_blogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal blogs">legal blogs</a> (often referred to as a blawgs), or <a href="Dream_diary" title="Dream diary">dreamlogs</a>. How-to/<a href="Tutorial" title="Tutorial">Tutorial</a> blogs are becoming increasing popular.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two common types of genre blogs are <a href="Art_blog" title="Art blog">art blogs</a> and <a href="MP3_blog" title="MP3 blog">music blogs</a>. A blog featuring discussions, especially about <a href="Homemaking" title="Homemaking">home</a> and family is not uncommonly called a <a href="List_of_family-and-homemaking_blogs" title="List of family-and-homemaking blogs">mom blog</a>. While not a legitimate type of blog, one used for the sole purpose of spamming is known as a <a href="Spam_blog" title="Spam blog">splog</a>.</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>By media type</dt>

<dd>A blog comprising videos is called a <a href="Video_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Video blog">vlog</a>, one comprising links is called a <a href="Linklog" title="Linklog">linklog</a>, a site containing a portfolio of sketches is called a <a href="Sketchblog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sketchblog">sketchblog</a> or one comprising photos is called a <a href="Photoblog" title="Photoblog">photoblog</a>. Blogs with shorter posts and mixed media types are called <a href="Tumblelog" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumblelog">tumblelogs</a>. Blogs that are written on typewriters and then scanned are called typecast or typecast blogs. A rare type of blog hosted on the <a href="Gopher_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopher Protocol">Gopher Protocol</a> is known as a <a href="Phlog" title="Phlog">phlog</a>.</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>By device</dt>

<dd>A blog can also be defined by which type of device is used to compose it. A blog written by a <a href="Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile device</a> like a mobile phone or <a href="Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDA</a> could be called a <a href="Moblog" class="mw-redirect" title="Moblog">moblog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, video, and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and <a href="EyeTap" title="EyeTap">EyeTap</a> device to a web site. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as <a href="Sousveillance" title="Sousveillance">sousveillance</a>. Such journals have been used as evidence in legal matters.</dd></dl>

<dl><dt><a href="Reverse_blog" title="Reverse blog">Reverse blog</a></dt>

<dd>A reverse blog is composed by its users rather than a single blogger. This system has the characteristics of a blog and the writing of several authors. These can be written by several contributing authors on a topic or opened up for anyone to write. There is typically some limit to the number of entries to keep it from operating like a <a href="Web_forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Web forum">web forum</a>.</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community_and_cataloging">Community and cataloging</h2></div>

<dl><dt><a href="Blogosphere" title="Blogosphere">Blogosphere</a></dt>

<dd>The collective community of all blogs and blog authors, particularly notable and widely read blogs, is known as the <i>blogosphere</i>. Since all blogs are on the internet by definition, they may be seen as interconnected and socially networked, through blogrolls, comments, <a href="Linkback" title="Linkback">linkbacks</a> (refbacks, trackbacks or pingbacks), and backlinks. Discussions "in the blogosphere" were occasionally used by the media as a gauge of public opinion on various issues. Because new, untapped communities of bloggers and their readers can emerge in the space of a few years, <a href="Internet_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet marketing">Internet marketers</a> pay close attention to "trends in the blogosphere".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><a href="List_of_search_engines#Blog" title="List of search engines">Blog search engines</a></dt>

<dd>Several blog search engines have been used to search blog contents, such as <a href="Bloglines" title="Bloglines">Bloglines</a> (defunct), <a href="BlogScope" title="BlogScope">BlogScope</a> (defunct), and <a href="Technorati" title="Technorati">Technorati</a> (defunct).</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Blogging communities and directories</dt>

<dd>Several <a href="Online_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Online communities">online communities</a> exist that connect people to blogs and bloggers to other bloggers. Interest-specific blogging platforms are also available. For instance, Blogster has a sizable community of political bloggers among its members. <a href="Global_Voices_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Voices Online">Global Voices</a> aggregates international bloggers, "with emphasis on voices that are not ordinarily heard in international mainstream media."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Blogging and advertising</dt>

<dd>It is common for blogs to feature <a href="Banner_advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Banner advertisement">banner advertisements</a> or promotional content, either to financially benefit the blogger, support website hosting costs, or to promote the blogger's favourite causes or products. The popularity of blogs has also given rise to <a href="Fake_blog" title="Fake blog">"fake blogs"</a> in which a company will create a fictional blog as a marketing tool to promote a product.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<p>As the popularity of blogging continued to rise (as of 2006), the commercialisation of blogging is rapidly increasing. Many corporations and companies collaborate with bloggers to increase advertising and engage online communities with their products. In the book <i>Fans, Bloggers, and Gamers</i>, Henry Jenkins stated that "Bloggers take knowledge into their own hands, enabling successful navigation within and between these emerging knowledge cultures. One can see such behaviour as co-optation into commodity culture insofar as it sometimes collaborates with corporate interests, but one can also see it as increasing the diversity of media culture, providing opportunities for greater inclusiveness, and making more responsive to consumers."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_popularity">Early popularity</h2></div>

<ul><li><b>Before 2006:</b> The <a href="Blogdex" title="Blogdex">blogdex</a> project was launched by researchers in the <a href="MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a> to crawl the Web and gather data from thousands of blogs to investigate their social properties. Information was gathered by the tool for over four years, during which it autonomously tracked the most contagious information spreading in the blog community, ranking it by recency and popularity. It can, therefore, be considered the first instantiation of a <a href="Memetracker" title="Memetracker">memetracker</a>. The project was replaced by <a href="Tailrank.com" title="Tailrank.com">tailrank.com</a>, which in turn has been replaced by spinn3r.com.</li>

<li><b>2006:</b> Blogs are given rankings by <a href="Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a> (web hits of Alexa Toolbar users), and formerly by blog search engine <a href="Technorati" title="Technorati">Technorati</a> based on the number of incoming links (Technorati stopped doing this in 2014). In August 2006, Technorati found that the most linked-to blog on the internet was that of Chinese actress <a href="Xu_Jinglei" title="Xu Jinglei">Xu Jinglei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fickling_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fickling-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese media <a href="Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a> reported that this blog received more than 50 million page views, claiming it to be the most popular blog in the world at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technorati rated <a href="Boing_Boing" title="Boing Boing">Boing Boing</a> to be the most-read group-written blog.<sup id="cite_ref-Fickling_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fickling-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><b>2008:</b> As of 2008, blogging had "become such a mania that a new blog was created every second of every minute of every hour of every day."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers have actively analyzed the dynamics of how blogs become popular. There are essentially two measures of this: popularity through citations, as well as popularity through affiliation (i.e., blogroll). The basic conclusion from studies of the structure of blogs is that while it takes time for a blog to become popular through blogrolls, <a href="Permalink" title="Permalink">permalinks</a> can boost popularity more quickly and are perhaps more indicative of popularity and authority than blogrolls since they denote that people are reading the blog's content and deem it valuable or noteworthy in specific cases.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2></div>

<p>Blogs are a form of websites and can therefore be created via the same software as can be used for creating websites. Many people use managed platforms such as <a href="Medium_(website)" title="Medium (website)">Medium (website)</a> or <a href="Substack" title="Substack">Substack</a>. These platforms have built-in support for many features such as previewing posts, <a href="Paywalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Paywalls">paywalls</a>, and <a href="Newsletters" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsletters">newsletters</a>. Other people self-host their website via <a href="Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> software such as <a href="WordPress" title="WordPress">WordPress</a> or <a href="Static_site_generator" title="Static site generator">static site generators</a> such as <a href="Hugo_(software)" title="Hugo (software)">Hugo (software)</a> or <a href="Jekyll_(software)" title="Jekyll (software)">Jekyll (software)</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blurring_with_the_mass_media">Blurring with the mass media</h2></div>

<p>Many bloggers, particularly those engaged in <a href="Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">participatory journalism</a>, are amateur journalists, and thus they differentiate themselves from the professional reporters and editors who work in <a href="Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">mainstream media</a> organizations. Other bloggers are media professionals who are publishing online, rather than via a TV station or newspaper, either as an add-on to a traditional media presence (e.g., hosting a radio show or writing a column in a paper newspaper), or as their sole journalistic output. Some institutions and organizations see blogging as a means of "getting around the filter" of media "<a href="Gatekeeper" title="Gatekeeper">gatekeepers</a>" and pushing their messages directly to the public. Many mainstream journalists, meanwhile, write their own blogs—well over 300, according to CyberJournalist.net's J-blog list. The first known use of a blog on a news site was in August 1998, when <a href="Jonathan_Dube" title="Jonathan Dube">Jonathan Dube</a> of <i><a href="The_Charlotte_Observer" title="The Charlotte Observer">The Charlotte Observer</a></i> published one chronicling <a href="Hurricane_Bonnie_(1998)" title="Hurricane Bonnie (1998)">Hurricane Bonnie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some bloggers have moved over to other media. The following bloggers (and others) have appeared on radio and television: <a href="Atrios" title="Atrios">Duncan Black</a> (known widely by his pseudonym, Atrios), <a href="Glenn_Reynolds" title="Glenn Reynolds">Glenn Reynolds</a> (<a href="Instapundit" title="Instapundit">Instapundit</a>), <a href="Markos_Moulitsas_Z%C3%BAniga" class="mw-redirect" title="Markos Moulitsas Zúniga">Markos Moulitsas Zúniga</a> (<a href="Daily_Kos" title="Daily Kos">Daily Kos</a>), <a href="Alex_Steffen" title="Alex Steffen">Alex Steffen</a> (<a href="Worldchanging" title="Worldchanging">Worldchanging</a>), <a href="Ana_Marie_Cox" title="Ana Marie Cox">Ana Marie Cox</a> (<a href="Wonkette" title="Wonkette">Wonkette</a>), <a href="Nate_Silver" title="Nate Silver">Nate Silver</a> (<a href="FiveThirtyEight.com" class="mw-redirect" title="FiveThirtyEight.com">FiveThirtyEight.com</a>), and <a href="Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Ezra Klein</a> (Ezra Klein blog in <i><a href="The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a>,</i> now in <i><a href="The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>). In counterpoint, <a href="Hugh_Hewitt" title="Hugh Hewitt">Hugh Hewitt</a> exemplifies a mass media personality who has moved in the other direction, adding to his reach in "old media" by being an influential blogger. Similarly, it was <i>Emergency Preparedness and Safety Tips On Air and Online</i> blog articles that captured <a href="Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General of the United States</a> <a href="Richard_Carmona" title="Richard Carmona">Richard Carmona</a>'s attention and earned his kudos for the associated broadcasts by talk show host <a href="WVOX#Notable_Past_Programming" title="WVOX">Lisa Tolliver</a> and Westchester Emergency Volunteer Reserves-<a href="Medical_Reserve_Corps" title="Medical Reserve Corps">Medical Reserve Corps</a> Director Marianne Partridge.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Blogs have also had an influence on <a href="Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority languages</a>, bringing together scattered speakers and learners; this is particularly so with blogs in <a href="Goidelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Goidelic language">Gaelic languages</a>. Minority language publishing (which may lack economic feasibility) can find its audience through inexpensive blogging. There are examples of bloggers who have published books based on their blogs, e.g., <a href="Salam_Pax" title="Salam Pax">Salam Pax</a>, <a href="Ellen_Simonetti" title="Ellen Simonetti">Ellen Simonetti</a>, <a href="Jessica_Cutler" title="Jessica Cutler">Jessica Cutler</a>, and <a href="ScrappleFace" title="ScrappleFace">ScrappleFace</a>. Blog-based books have been given the name <a href="Blook" title="Blook">blook</a>. A prize for the best blog-based book was initiated in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="Lulu_Blooker_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Lulu Blooker Prize">Lulu Blooker Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, success has been elusive offline, with many of these books not selling as well as their blogs. The book based on <a href="Julie_Powell" title="Julie Powell">Julie Powell</a>'s blog "The Julie/Julia Project" was made into the film <i><a href="Julie_%26_Julia" title="Julie & Julia">Julie & Julia</a></i>, apparently the first to do so.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumer-generated_advertising">Consumer-generated advertising</h2></div>

<p><a href="Consumer-generated_advertising" title="Consumer-generated advertising">Consumer-generated advertising</a> is a relatively new and controversial development, and it has created a new model of marketing communication from businesses to consumers. Among the various forms of advertising on blog, the most controversial are the <a href="Sponsored_post" title="Sponsored post">sponsored posts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are blog entries or posts and may be in the form of feedback, reviews, opinion, videos, etc. and usually contain a link back to the desired site using a keyword or several keywords. Blogs have led to some <a href="Disintermediation" title="Disintermediation">disintermediation</a> and a breakdown of the traditional advertising model, where companies can skip over the advertising agencies (previously the only interface with the customer) and contact the customers directly via social media websites. On the other hand, new companies specialised in blog advertising have been established to take advantage of this new development as well. However, there are many people who look negatively on this new development. Some believe that any form of commercial activity on blogs will destroy the blogosphere's credibility.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_and_social_consequences">Legal and social consequences</h2></div>

<p>

Blogging can result in a range of legal liabilities and other <a href="Unforeseen_consequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Unforeseen consequence">unforeseen consequences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defamation_or_liability">Defamation or liability</h3></div>

<p>Several cases have been brought before the national courts against bloggers concerning issues of <a href="Slander_and_libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Slander and libel">defamation or liability</a>. U.S. payouts related to blogging totalled $17.4 million by 2009; in some cases these have been covered by <a href="Umbrella_insurance" title="Umbrella insurance">umbrella insurance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The courts have returned with mixed verdicts. <a href="Internet_Service_Provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Service Provider">Internet Service Providers</a> (ISPs), in general, are immune from liability for information that originates with third parties (U.S. <a href="Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a> and the EU Directive 2000/31/EC). In <i>Doe v. Cahill</i>, the <a href="Delaware_Supreme_Court" title="Delaware Supreme Court">Delaware Supreme Court</a> held that stringent standards had to be met to unmask the <a href="Anonymous_bloggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous bloggers">anonymous bloggers</a> and also took the unusual step of dismissing the libel case itself (as unfounded under American libel law) rather than referring it back to the <a href="Trial_court" title="Trial court">trial court</a> for reconsideration.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a bizarre twist, the Cahills were able to obtain the identity of John Doe, who turned out to be the person they suspected: the town's mayor, Councilman Cahill's political rival. The Cahills amended their original complaint, and the mayor settled the case rather than going to trial.

</p><p>In January 2007, two prominent Malaysian political bloggers, <a href="Jeff_Ooi" title="Jeff Ooi">Jeff Ooi</a> and <a href="Ahirudin_Attan" title="Ahirudin Attan">Ahirudin Attan</a>, were sued by a pro-government newspaper, The New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) Berhad, Kalimullah bin Masheerul Hassan, Hishamuddin bin Aun and Brenden John <a href="Malaysian_names#Indian_names" title="Malaysian names">a/l</a> John Pereira over alleged defamation. The plaintiff was supported by the Malaysian government.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the suit, the Malaysian government proposed to "register" all bloggers in Malaysia to better control parties against their interests.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first such legal case against bloggers in the country. In the United States, blogger Aaron Wall was sued by Traffic Power for <a href="Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> and publication of <a href="Trade_secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade secrets">trade secrets</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>Wired</i> magazine, Traffic Power had been "banned from Google for allegedly rigging search engine results."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wall and other "<a href="White_hat_(computer_security)" title="White hat (computer security)">white hat</a>" <a href="Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">search engine optimization</a> consultants had exposed Traffic Power in what they claim was an effort to protect the public. The case was dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction, and Traffic Power failed to appeal within the allowed time.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2009, <a href="NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a> issued a legal notice to Indian blogger Kunte for a blog post criticizing their coverage of the <a href="Mumbai_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai attacks">Mumbai attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hootbarkha_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hootbarkha-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blogger unconditionally withdrew his post, which resulted in several Indian bloggers criticizing NDTV for trying to silence critics.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3></div>

<p>Employees who blog about elements of their place of employment can begin to affect the reputation of their employer, either in a positive way, if the employee is praising the employer and its workplaces, or in a negative way, if the blogger is making negative comments about the company or its practices.

</p><p>In general, attempts by employee bloggers to protect themselves by maintaining anonymity have proved ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, a controversial and landmark decision by <a href="David_Eady" title="David Eady">The Hon. Mr Justice Eady</a> refused to grant an order to protect the anonymity of <a href="Richard_Horton_(blogger)" title="Richard Horton (blogger)">Richard Horton</a>. Horton was a police officer in the United Kingdom who blogged about his job under the name "NightJack".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> fired <a href="Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">flight attendant</a> <a href="Ellen_Simonetti" title="Ellen Simonetti">Ellen Simonetti</a> because she posted photographs of herself in uniform on an aeroplane and because of comments posted on her blog "Queen of Sky: Diary of a Flight Attendant" which the employer deemed inappropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This case highlighted the issue of personal blogging and freedom of expression versus employer rights and responsibilities, and so it received wide media attention. Simonetti took legal action against the airline for "wrongful termination, defamation of character and lost future wages".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suit was postponed while Delta was in bankruptcy proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In early 2006, Erik Ringmar, a senior lecturer at the <a href="London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, was ordered by the convenor of his department to "take down and destroy" his blog in which he discussed the quality of education at the school.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Mark Jen was terminated in 2005 after 10 days of employment as an assistant product manager at Google for discussing corporate secrets on his personal blog, then called 99zeros and hosted on the Google-owned <a href="Blogger.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Blogger.com">Blogger</a> service.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He blogged about unreleased products and company finances a week before the company's earnings announcement. He was fired two days after he complied with his employer's request to remove the sensitive material from his blog.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In India, blogger Gaurav Sabnis resigned from <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> after his posts questioned the claims made by a management school.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Jessica_Cutler" title="Jessica Cutler">Jessica Cutler</a>, aka "The Washingtonienne", blogged about her sex life while employed as a congressional assistant. After the blog was discovered and she was fired,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: <i>The Washingtonienne: A Novel</i>. As of 2006, Cutler is being sued by one of her former lovers in a case that could establish the extent to which bloggers are obligated to protect the privacy of their real life associates.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Catherine Sanderson, a.k.a. <a href="Petite_Anglaise" title="Petite Anglaise">Petite Anglaise</a>, lost her job in Paris at a British accountancy firm because of blogging.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although given in the blog in a fairly anonymous manner, some of the descriptions of the firm and some of its people were less than flattering. Sanderson later won a compensation claim case against the British firm, however.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On the other hand, <a href="Penelope_Trunk" title="Penelope Trunk">Penelope Trunk</a> wrote an upbeat article in <i><a href="The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i> in 2006, entitled "Blogs 'essential' to a good career".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was one of the first journalists to point out that a large portion of bloggers are professionals and that a well-written blog can help attract employers.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Business_owners">Business owners</h4></div>

<p>Business owners who blog about their business can also run into legal consequences. <a href="Mark_Cuban" title="Mark Cuban">Mark Cuban</a>, owner of the <a href="Dallas_Mavericks" title="Dallas Mavericks">Dallas Mavericks</a>, was fined during the 2006 <a href="National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> playoffs for criticizing NBA officials on the court and in his blog.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_dangers">Political dangers</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Political_repression_of_cyber-dissidents" title="Political repression of cyber-dissidents">Political repression of cyber-dissidents</a></div>

<p>Blogging can sometimes have unforeseen consequences in politically sensitive areas. In some countries, <a href="Internet_police" title="Internet police">Internet police</a> or <a href="Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> may monitor blogs and arrest blog authors or commentators. Blogs can be much harder to control than broadcast or print media because a person can create a blog whose authorship is hard to trace by using anonymity technology such as <a href="Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a>. As a result, <a href="Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> and authoritarian regimes often seek to suppress blogs and punish those who maintain them.

</p><p>In Singapore, two ethnic Chinese individuals were <a href="Imprisoned" class="mw-redirect" title="Imprisoned">imprisoned</a> under the country's <a href="Sedition_Act_(Singapore)" title="Sedition Act (Singapore)">anti-sedition law</a> for posting <a href="Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">anti-Muslim</a> remarks in their blogs.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian blogger <a href="Kareem_Amer" title="Kareem Amer">Kareem Amer</a> was charged with insulting the Egyptian president <a href="Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> and an <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">institution</a> through his blog. It is the first time in the history of Egypt that a blogger was prosecuted. After a brief trial session that took place in <a href="Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, the blogger was found guilty and sentenced to prison terms of three years for insulting <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and inciting sedition and one year for insulting Mubarak.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian blogger Abdel Monem Mahmoud was arrested in April 2007 for anti-government writings in his blog. Monem is a member of the then banned <a href="Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>. After the <a href="2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a>, the Egyptian blogger <a href="Maikel_Nabil_Sanad" title="Maikel Nabil Sanad">Maikel Nabil Sanad</a> was charged with insulting the military for an article he wrote on his personal blog and sentenced to three years.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After expressing opinions in his personal blog about the state of the Sudanese armed forces, <a href="Jan_Pronk" title="Jan Pronk">Jan Pronk</a>, United Nations Special Representative for <a href="Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, was given three days notice to leave Sudan. The Sudanese army had demanded his deportation.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, Nay Phone Latt, a blogger, was sentenced to 20 years in jail for posting a cartoon critical of head of state <a href="Than_Shwe" title="Than Shwe">Than Shwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_safety">Personal safety</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a> and <a href="Internet_homicide" title="Internet homicide">Internet homicide</a></div>

<p>One consequence of blogging is the possibility of online or in-person attacks or threats against the blogger, sometimes without apparent reason. In some cases, bloggers have faced <a href="Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyberbullying</a>. <a href="Kathy_Sierra" title="Kathy Sierra">Kathy Sierra</a>, author of the blog "Creating Passionate Users",<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the target of threats and <a href="Misogynistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Misogynistic">misogynistic</a> insults to the point that she cancelled her keynote speech at a technology conference in San Diego, fearing for her safety.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a blogger's anonymity is often tenuous, <a href="Troll_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troll (Internet)">Internet trolls</a> who would attack a blogger with threats or insults can be emboldened by the anonymity of the online environment, where some users are known only by a pseudonymous "username" (e.g., "Hacker1984"). Sierra and supporters initiated an online discussion aimed at countering abusive online behaviour<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developed a <a href="Blogger's_Code_of_Conduct" title="Blogger's Code of Conduct">Blogger's Code of Conduct</a>, which set out a <a href="Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">rules for behaviour</a> in the online space.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Blog_award" title="Blog award">Blog award</a></li>

<li><a href="Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Collaborative_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative blog">Collaborative blog</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_free_blog_hosting_services" title="Comparison of free blog hosting services">Comparison of free blog hosting services</a></li>

<li><a href="Customer_engagement" title="Customer engagement">Customer engagement</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_blogging" title="Glossary of blogging">Glossary of blogging</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_journalism" title="Interactive journalism">Interactive journalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_think_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet think tank">Internet think tank</a></li>

<li><a href="Israblog" title="Israblog">Israblog</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_blogs" title="List of blogs">List of blogs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_family-and-homemaking_blogs" title="List of family-and-homemaking blogs">List of family-and-homemaking blogs</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_collaboration" title="Mass collaboration">Mass collaboration</a></li>

<li><a href="Perzine" title="Perzine">Perzine</a></li>

<li><a href="Sideblog" title="Sideblog">Sideblog</a></li>

<li><a href="Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Social blogging</a></li>

<li><a href="Think_aloud_protocol" title="Think aloud protocol">Think aloud protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Webmaster" title="Webmaster">Webmaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_template_system" title="Web template system">Web template system</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">Web traffic</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBlood2000" class="citation web cs1">Blood, Rebecca (September 7, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530144950/http://www.rebeccablood.net/essays/weblog_history.html">"Weblogs: A History And Perspective"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rebeccablood.net/essays/weblog_history.html">the original</a> on May 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMutumWang2010" class="citation book cs1">Mutum, Dilip; Wang, Qing (2010). "Consumer Generated Advertising in Blogs". In Neal M. Burns; Terry Daugherty; Matthew S. Eastin (eds.). <i>Handbook of Research on Digital Media and Advertising: User Generated Content Consumption</i>. Vol. 1. IGI Global. pp. <span class="nowrap">248–</span>261.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGaudeul,_AlexiaPeroni,_Chiara2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gaudeul, Alexia & Peroni, Chiara (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/a/ebl/ecbull/eb-10-00198.html">"Reciprocal attention and norm of reciprocity in blogging networks"</a>. <i><a href="Economics_Bulletin" title="Economics Bulletin">Economics Bulletin</a></i>. <b>30</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">2230–</span>2248.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSi_Quan_Ong2022" class="citation web cs1">Si Quan Ong (February 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahrefs.com/blog/blogging-statistics/">"71 Blogging Statistics for 2022"</a>. <i>SEO Blog by Ahrefs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wired.com/entertainment/theweb/news/2007/12/blog_anniversary">"After 10 Years of Blogs, the Future's Brighter Than Ever"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. December 17, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6794172">"It's the links, stupid"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. April 20, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMerholz" class="citation web cs1">Merholz, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991013021124/http://peterme.com/index.html">"Peterme.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peterme.com/index.html">the original</a> on October 13, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKottke2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Jason_Kottke" title="Jason Kottke">Kottke, Jason</a> (August 26, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kottke.org/03/08/its-weblog-not-web-log">"It's 'weblog' not 'web log'"</a>. <i><a href="Kottke.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottke.org">kottke.org</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viralblogcontent.com/Origins_of__22Blog_22_and__22Blogger_22.pdf">Origins of "Blog" and "Blogger"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103083257/http://www.viralblogcontent.com/Origins_of__22Blog_22_and__22Blogger_22.pdf">Archived</a> November 3, 2014, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, American Dialect Society Mailing List (April 20, 2008).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "e-log" has been used to describe journal entries sent out via e-mail since as early as March 1996.<cite id="CITEREFNorman2005" class="citation web cs1">Norman, David (July 13, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607235110/http://lists.drupal.org/archives/development/2005-07/msg00208.html">"Users confused by blogs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.drupal.org/archives/development/2005-07/msg00208.html">the original</a> on June 7, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070812190236/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news-archive/archive/2003/december-2003/latest/newsitem.shtml?03120901">"Research staff and students welcome 'E-Log'"</a>. University College London. December 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news-archive/archive/2003/december-2003/latest/newsitem.shtml?03120901">the original</a> on August 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDennisHoschTikkanen2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Michael_Aaron_Dennis" title="Michael Aaron Dennis">Dennis, Michael Aaron</a>; Hosch, William L.; Tikkanen, Amy (April 11, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/blog">"blog"</a>. <i><a href="Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.mcom.com/home/whats-new.html">What's New!</a>". Mosaic Communications Corporation. Retrieved June 15, 2013.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980519210345/http://moonmilk.com/playground.html">"Ranjit's HTTP playground"</a>. <i>Moonmilk</i>. May 19, 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moonmilk.com/playground.html">the original</a> on May 19, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2008" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="Scott_Rosenberg_(journalist)" title="Scott Rosenberg (journalist)">Rosenberg, Scott</a> (September 23, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediashift.org/2008/09/scott-rosenberg-traces-the-blogospheres-origins266/">"Scott Rosenberg Traces the Blogosphere's Origins"</a>. <i>Mediashift</i> (Interview). Interviewed by Simon Owens. PBS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2023</span>. <q>For instance, Justin Hall started his site in January 1994, before most of us had heard of the web. I asked him, 'Well, you're one of the first bloggers, was there anyone out there who you were getting inspiration from?' And he pointed me to this other guy named Ranjit Bhatnagar who was keeping a site at moonmilk.com in 1993. And, sure enough, it was a reverse chronological list of stuff he found on the web.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BeanieBabies-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BeanieBabies_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeanieBabies_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBissonnette2015" class="citation book cs1">Bissonnette, Zac (March 2015). "The $12-per-hour Sociology Major Who Made Ty Warner a Billionaire". <i>The Great Beanie Baby Bubble: Mass Delusion and the Dark Side of Cute</i>. Penguin Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>121. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1591846024</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarmanci2005" class="citation news cs1">Harmanci, Reyhan (February 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/02/20/MNGBKBEJO01.DTL">"Time to get a life — pioneer blogger Justin Hall bows out at 31"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPournelle,_Jerry" class="citation web cs1">Pournelle, Jerry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerrypournelle.com/#whatabout">"Jerry Pournelle's Chaos Manor"</a>. <i>jerrypournelle.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216092746/https://www.jerrypournelle.com/#whatabout">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2024. <q>I can make some claim to this being The Original Blog and Daybook. I certainly started keeping a day book well before most, and long before the term "blog" or Web Log was invented. BIX, the Byte information exchange, preceded the Web by a lot, and I also had a daily journal on GE Genie. Both of those would have been considered blogs if there had been any such term. All that was long before the World Wide Web.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFesta2003" class="citation web cs1">Festa, Paul (February 25, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707204556/http://news.cnet.com/2008-1082-985714.html">"Newsmaker: Blogging comes to Harvard"</a>. <a href="CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a> News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/2008-1082-985714.html">the original</a> on July 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFGallagher2002" class="citation news cs1">Gallagher, David F. (June 10, 2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0DE3DE103DF933A25755C0A9649C8B63">"Technology; A rift among bloggers"</a></span>. <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122150419/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/10/business/technology-a-rift-among-bloggers.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2013. <q>...Dave Winer... whose Scripting News (scripting.com) is one of the oldest blogs.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961112042649/http://netguide.aust.com/daily/index.html">Australian Net Guide</a>". netguide.aust.com (November 12, 1996). Retrieved June 15, 2013.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMortensenWalker2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mortensen, Torill; Walker, Jill (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/13070/Blogging-Thoughts.pdf">"Blogging thoughts: personal publication as an online research tool"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Researching ICTs in Context</i>: <span class="nowrap">249–</span>279. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228073152/https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/13070/Blogging-Thoughts.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 28, 2022 – via Bergen Open Research Archive.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Jensen, Mallory (September–October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411075325/http://cjrarchives.org/issues/2003/5/blog-jensen.asp?printerfriendly=yes">"Emerging Alternatives: A Brief History of Weblogs"</a>. <i>Columbia Journalism Review</i>. Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBullBullKadjer" class="citation web cs1">Bull, Glen; Bull, Gina; Kadjer, Sara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tl-cdn.pbseducation.org/courses/tech195/docs/writing_with_weblogs.pdf">"Writing with Weblogs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Society for Technology in Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-massing_essay-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-massing_essay_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMassing2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Michael_Massing" title="Michael Massing">Massing, Michael</a> (August 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22960">"The News About the Internet"</a>. <i>New York Review of Books</i>. <b>56</b> (13): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Daniel_Sandford_(journalist)" title="Daniel Sandford (journalist)">Daniel Sandford</a>, <a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>: "Russians tire of corruption spectacle", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15972326">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15972326</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaminski2012" class="citation news cs1">Kaminski, Matthew (March 3, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203986604577257321601811092">"The Man Vladimir Putin Fears Most (the weekend interview)"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrickRoth" class="citation web cs1">Kirkpatrick, David; Roth, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050101004415/http://www.fortune.com/fortune/technology/articles/0%2C15114%2C1011763-1%2C00.html">"Why There's No Escaping the Blog"</a>. <i>Fortune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortune.com/fortune/technology/articles/0,15114,1011763-1,00.html">the original</a> on January 1, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ynet-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ynet_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ynet_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3220593,00.html">Israel Video Blog aims to show the world 'the beautiful face of real Israel'</a>, Ynet, February 24, 2008.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-JP-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JP_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHaviv_Rettig_Gur2008" class="citation news cs1">Haviv Rettig Gur (December 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110204933/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1230456533492&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull">"Battlefront Twitter"</a>. <i><a href="The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1230456533492&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">the original</a> on November 10, 2011.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NYTs-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTs_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/04/weekinreview/04cohen.html">The Toughest Q's Answered in the Briefest Tweets</a>, Noam Cohen, <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, January 3, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20091103/OPINION16/91102031/1004/OPINION/Journalists-deserve-subsidies-too">Journalists deserve subsidies too</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324134110/http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20091103/OPINION16/91102031/1004/OPINION/Journalists-deserve-subsidies-too">Archived</a> March 24, 2014, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="Robert_W._McChesney" title="Robert W. McChesney">Robert W. McChesney</a> and <a href="John_Nichols_(journalist)" title="John Nichols (journalist)">John Nichols</a>, <i>Delaware Online</i>, November 3, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2009.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLain_Kennedy2008" class="citation book cs1">Lain Kennedy, Joice (January 3, 2008) [2007, the majority was completed by this year]. <i>Job Interviews for Dummies</i> (3rd ed.). Indianapolis: <a href="Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley Publishing, Inc.</a> p. 197. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780470177488</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educause.edu/library/resources/7-things-you-should-know-about-microblogging">"7 Things You Should Know About Microblogging"</a>. <i>Educause.edu</i>. July 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephan Metcalf, "Fixing a Hole", <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, March 2006</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Saranow, "Blogwatch: This Old House", <i><a href="The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, September 2007</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.problogger.net/archives/2011/09/03/52-types-of-blog-posts-that-are-proven-to-work/">"52 Types of Blog Posts that Are Proven to Work"</a>. <i>Problogger.net</i>. September 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/2783951.stm">"Blogging goes mobile"</a>. BBC News. February 23, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for instance:

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMesure2009" class="citation news cs1">Mesure, Susie (August 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/is-it-a-diary-is-it-an-ad-its-a-mummy-blog-1776163.html">"Is it a diary? Is it an ad? No, it's a mummy blog"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229060014/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/is-it-a-diary-is-it-an-ad-its-a-mummy-blog-1776163.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></li></ul>

</span></li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalvoicesonline.org/about/">"About"</a>. Global Voices<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGogoi2006" class="citation web cs1">Gogoi, Pallavi (October 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926103832/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/oct2006/db20061009_579137.htm">"Wal-Mart's Jim and Laura: The Real Story"</a>. <i>Bloomberg BusinessWeek</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/oct2006/db20061009_579137.htm">the original</a> on September 26, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/10/22/sudan.darfur.un/index.html">"Sudan expels U.N. envoy for blog"</a>. <a href="CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. October 22, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6076022.stm">"UN envoy leaves after Sudan row"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. October 23, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2006</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7721271.stm">"Burma blogger jailed for 20 years"</a>. BBC News. November 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://headrush.typepad.com/">"Headrush.typepad.com"</a>. <i>Headrush.typepad.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPham2007" class="citation news cs1">Pham, Alex (March 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625081401/http://www.imsafer.com/images/LAtimes_3_31_07.pdf">"Abuse, threats quiet bloggers' keyboards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-internet31mar31,0,4064392.story?coll=la-home-headlines">the original</a> on June 25, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6499095.stm">"Blog death threats spark debate"</a>. BBC News. March 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li>Alavi, Nasrin. <i>We Are Iran: The Persian Blogs</i>, Soft Skull Press, New York, 2005. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-933368-05-5</bdi>.</li>

<li>Bruns, Axel, and Joanne Jacobs, eds. <i>Uses of Blogs</i>, Peter Lang, New York, 2006. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8204-8124-6</bdi>.</li>

<li>Blood, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rebeccablood.net/essays/weblog_history.html">"Weblogs: A History and Perspective"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530144950/http://www.rebeccablood.net/essays/weblog_history.html">Archived</a> May 30, 2015, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "Rebecca's Pocket".</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMercado-Kierkegaard2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Sylvia_Kierkegaard" title="Sylvia Kierkegaard">Mercado-Kierkegaard, Sylvia</a> (2006). "Blogs, lies and the doocing: The next hotbed of litigation?". <i>Computer Law & Security Review</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">127–</span>136. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clsr.2006.01.002">10.1016/j.clsr.2006.01.002</a>.</cite></li>

<li>Kline, David; Burstein, Dan. <i>Blog!: How the Newest Media Revolution is Changing Politics, Business, and Culture</i>, Squibnocket Partners, L.L.C., 2005. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-59315-141-1</bdi>.</li>

<li><a href="Michael_Gorman_(librarian)" title="Michael Gorman (librarian)">Gorman, Michael</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407161907/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2005/02/ljarchives/backtalk-revenge-of-the-blog-people/">"Revenge of the Blog People!"</a>. <i>Library Journal</i>.</li>

<li>Heriot, Gail, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=898176">Are Modern Bloggers Following in the Footsteps of Publius (and Other Musings on Blogging by Legal Scholars...)</a>, 8 Wash. U. L. Rev. 1113 (2006).</li>

<li>Ringmar, Erik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/ABloggersManifestoFreeSpeechAndCensorshipInTheAgeOfTheInternet/ErikRingmarABloggersManifesto.pdf">A Blogger's Manifesto: Free Speech and Censorship in the Age of the Internet</a> (London: Anthem Press, 2007).</li>

<li><a href="Scott_Rosenberg_(journalist)" title="Scott Rosenberg (journalist)">Rosenberg, Scott</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sayeverythinghow00rose"><i>Say Everything: how blogging Began, what it's becoming, and why it matters</i></a>, New York : Crown Publishers, 2009. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-307-45136-1</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWeinberger,_David2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="David_Weinberger" title="David Weinberger">Weinberger, David</a> (August 31, 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2015/08/30/why-blogging-still-matters/JkzFdTxoySZZwsyrFw7yMI/story.html">"Why blogging still matters"</a>, <i><a href="The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i></cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/blog" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/blog">blog</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Blogging" class="extiw external" title="q:Blogging">Blogging</a></b></i>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Blogs" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Blogs">Blogs</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/bloggers/lg/">Legal Guide for bloggers</a> by the <a href="Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/lcwa/html/lawlb/lawlb-overview.html">Law Library Legal Blawgs Web Archive</a> from the U.S. <a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_syndication243" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Web_syndication243" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Web_syndication" title="Web syndication">Web syndication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<dl><dt>History</dt>

<dd><a href="History_of_blogging" title="History of blogging">Blogging</a></dd>

<dd><a href="History_of_podcasting" title="History of podcasting">Podcasting</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Vlog#History" title="Vlog">Vlogging</a></dd>

<dd><a href="History_of_web_syndication_technology" title="History of web syndication technology">Web syndication technology</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Niche_blogging" title="Niche blogging">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Bloggernacle</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_blog" title="Corporate blog">Corporate</a></li>

<li><a href="Dream_diary" title="Dream diary">Dream diary</a></li>

<li><a href="Edublog" title="Edublog">Edublog</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic journal">Electronic journal</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_family-and-homemaking_blogs" title="List of family-and-homemaking blogs">Family</a></li>

<li><a href="Fashion_blog" title="Fashion blog">Fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_blog" title="Health blog">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Lifelog" title="Lifelog">Lifelog</a></li>

<li><a href="Photoblog" title="Photoblog">Photoblog</a></li>

<li><a href="Police_blog" title="Police blog">Police</a></li>

<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Political_impact">Political</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_diary" title="Project diary">Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_blog" title="Reverse blog">Reverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Travel_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel blog">Travel</a></li>

<li><a href="Warblog" class="mw-redirect" title="Warblog">Warblog</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Feed_URI_scheme" title="Feed URI scheme">Feed URI scheme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linkback" title="Linkback">Linkback</a></li>

<li><a href="Permalink" title="Permalink">Permalink</a></li>

<li><a href="Pingback" title="Pingback">Pingback</a></li>

<li><a href="Reblogging" title="Reblogging">Reblogging</a></li>

<li><a href="Refback" title="Refback">Refback</a></li>

<li><a href="Rollback_(data_management)" title="Rollback (data management)">Rollback</a></li>

<li><a href="Trackback" title="Trackback">Trackback</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thread_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (Internet)">Thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li>

<li><a href="RSS_enclosure" title="RSS enclosure">RSS enclosure</a></li>

<li><a href="FeedSync#Examples" title="FeedSync">Synchronization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Photofeed" title="Photofeed">Photofeed</a></li>

<li><a href="Product_feed" title="Product feed">Product feed</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="GeoRSS" title="GeoRSS">GeoRSS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">Inter-process communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashup</a></li>

<li><a href="Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">Referencing</a></li>

<li><a href="RSS_editor" title="RSS editor">RSS editor</a></li>

<li><a href="RSS_tracking" title="RSS tracking">RSS tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="RSS_Advisory_Board" title="RSS Advisory Board">RSS Advisory Board</a></li>

<li><a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Audio podcast</li>

<li><a href="Enhanced_podcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced podcast">Enhanced podcast</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobilecast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobilecast">Mobilecast</a></li>

<li><a href="Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting">Narrowcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Peercasting" title="Peercasting">Peercasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Screencast" title="Screencast">Screencast</a></li>

<li><a href="Slidecasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Slidecasting">Slidecasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Videocast" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocast">Videocast</a></li>

<li><a href="Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li>

<li><a href="Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_series" title="Web series">Web series</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anonymous_blog" title="Anonymous blog">Anonymous blogging</a></li>

<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Types">Collaborative blog</a></li>

<li><a href="Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li>

<li><a href="Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Liveblogging" title="Liveblogging">Liveblogging</a></li>

<li><a href="Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblog</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Mobile blogging</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Video blog">Video blogging</a></li>

<li><a href="Motovlog" title="Motovlog">Motovlogging</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blog_carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Blog carnival">Carnivals</a></li>

<li><a href="Blog_fiction" title="Blog fiction">Fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Online_diary" title="Online diary">Online diary</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_search_engines#Blog" title="List of search engines">Search engines</a></li>

<li><a href="Sideblog" title="Sideblog">Sideblog</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_directory" title="Web directory">Web directory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Micromedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_feed_aggregators" title="Comparison of feed aggregators">Aggregation</a>

<li><a href="Review_aggregator" title="Review aggregator">Review</a></li>

<li><a href="Search_aggregator" title="Search aggregator">Search</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_aggregator" title="Video aggregator">Video</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Atom_(Web_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (Web standard)">AtomPub</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcatching" title="Broadcatching">Broadcatching</a></li>

<li><a href="Hashtag" title="Hashtag">Hashtag</a></li>

<li><a href="NewsML" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML">NewsML</a>

<li><a href="Communication" title="Communication">Social communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_software" title="Social software">Social software</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Slice" title="Web Slice">Web Slice</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blogosphere" title="Blogosphere">Blogosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Escribitionist" title="Escribitionist">Escribitionist</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_blogging" title="Glossary of blogging">Glossary of blogging</a></li>

<li><a href="Pay-per-click" title="Pay-per-click">Pay per click</a></li>

<li><a href="Posting_style" title="Posting style">Posting style</a></li>

<li><a href="Slashdot_effect" title="Slashdot effect">Slashdot effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Spam_in_blogs" title="Spam in blogs">Spam in blogs</a></li>

<li><a href="Uses_of_podcasting" title="Uses of podcasting">Uses of podcasting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer-mediated_communication265" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Computer-mediated_communication265" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Online_chat" title="Online chat">Online chat</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Online discussion">Online discussion</a></li>

<li><a href="Communication_software" title="Communication software">Communication software</a></li>

<li><a href="Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">Collaborative software</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_network_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network service">Social network service</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_learning_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual learning environment">Virtual learning environment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Asynchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous conferencing">Asynchronous conferencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Email" title="Email">Email</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">Electronic mailing list</a></li>

<li><a href="FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Textboard" title="Textboard">Textboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Imageboard" title="Imageboard">Imageboard</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">Bulletin board system</a></li>

<li><a href="Guestbook" title="Guestbook">Online guestbook</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Synchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous conferencing">Synchronous conferencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Data_conferencing" title="Data conferencing">Data conferencing</a></li>

<li><a href="Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a></li>

<li><a href="LAN_messenger" title="LAN messenger">LAN messenger</a></li>

<li><a href="Talker" title="Talker">Talker</a></li>

<li><a href="Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a></li>

<li><a href="Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a>

<ul><li><a href="Voice_chat_in_online_gaming" title="Voice chat in online gaming">Voice chat in online gaming</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">Web conferencing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_slang452" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Internet_slang452" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Internet_slang" title="Internet slang">Internet slang</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li>

<li><a href="Creepy_treehouse" title="Creepy treehouse">Creepy treehouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a></li>

<li><a href="Doxing" title="Doxing">Doxing</a></li>

<li><a href="Edgelord" title="Edgelord">Edgelord</a></li>

<li><a href="Flaming_(Internet)" title="Flaming (Internet)">Flaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Griefer" title="Griefer">Griefer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">Hacker</a></li>

<li><a href="Keylogger" class="mw-redirect" title="Keylogger">Keylogger</a></li>

<li><a href="Little_Pink" title="Little Pink">Little Pink</a></li>

<li><a href="Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></li>

<li><a href="Sealioning" title="Sealioning">Sealioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Script_kiddie" title="Script kiddie">Script kiddie</a></li>

<li><a href="Shitposting" title="Shitposting">Shitposting</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_banning" title="Shadow banning">Shadow banning</a></li>

<li><a href="Spamming" title="Spamming">Spamming</a></li>

<li><a href="Tankie" title="Tankie">Tankie</a></li>

<li><a href="Troll_(slang)" title="Troll (slang)">Troll</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chatspeak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatspeak">Chatspeak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algospeak" title="Algospeak">Algospeak</a></li>

<li><a href="Slang_of_the_My_Little_Pony%3A_Friendship_Is_Magic_fandom" title="Slang of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom">Bronyspeak</a></li>

<li><a href="Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a>

<li><a href="Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Owned_(slang)" title="Owned (slang)">Owned</a></li>

<li><a href="Padonkaffsky_jargon" title="Padonkaffsky jargon">Padonkaffsky jargon</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Imageboard" title="Imageboard">Imageboard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous</a></li>

<li><a href="Booru" class="mw-redirect" title="Booru">Booru</a></li>

<li><a href="Goatse.cx" title="Goatse.cx">goatse.cx</a></li>

<li><a href="Lolcat" title="Lolcat">Lolcat</a></li>

<li><a href="Newbie" title="Newbie">Newbie</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedobear" title="Pedobear">Pedobear</a></li>

<li><a href="Rickrolling" title="Rickrolling">Rickrolling</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripcode" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripcode">Tripcode</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanophilia" title="Japanophilia">Weeaboo</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Memes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Internet_phenomena#Advertising_and_products" title="List of Internet phenomena">Advertising and products</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Internet_phenomena#Animation_and_comics" title="List of Internet phenomena">Animation and comics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Internet_phenomena#Challenges" title="List of Internet phenomena">Challenges</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Internet_phenomena#Email" title="List of Internet phenomena">Email</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Internet_phenomena#Gaming" title="List of Internet phenomena">Gaming</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Internet_phenomena#Images" title="List of Internet phenomena">Images</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_viral_music_videos" title="List of viral music videos">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Internet_phenomena#Politics" title="List of Internet phenomena">Politics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_viral_videos" title="List of viral videos">Videos</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Internet_phenomena#Other_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Miscellaneous</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eternal_September" title="Eternal September">Eternal September</a></li>

<li><a href="Sporgery" title="Sporgery">Sporgery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AInternet" title="Portal:Internet"><b>Portal</b></a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:English_internet_slang" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Appendix:English internet slang"><b>Wiktionary</b></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Journalism206" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Journalism206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">

<ul><li><a href="Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Safety_of_journalists" title="Safety of journalists">Safety</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Correspondent" title="Correspondent">Correspondent</a></li>

<li><a href="Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li>

<li>Blogger</li>

<li><a href="Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li>

<li><a href="Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li>

<li><a href="Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li>

<li><a href="News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li>

<li><a href="Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li>

<li><a href="Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Profession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">

<li><a href="Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li>

<li><a href="News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li>

<li><a href="Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Sources</a></li>

<li><a href="Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li>

<li><a href="Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Beat_reporting" title="Beat reporting">Beats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">